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A >
Accreditation
Certification by a duly
recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence,
and integrity of an agency, service or operational group or individual
to provide the specific service(s) or operation(s) needed. [2]
Accredited Registrars
Qualified organizations certified by a national body (e.g., the
Registrar Accreditation Board in the U. S.) to perform audits to the
QS-9000 and to register the audited facility as meeting these
requirements for a given commodity. [6]
AIAG Automotive Industry Action Group
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
AQL Acceptable
quality level
AS9100 Quality system requirements for
suppliers to the aerospace industry (previously known as AS9000).
ASQ American Society for
Quality
Assessment An
evaluation process including a document review, an on-site audit and an
analysis and report. (see Quality audit)
[6]
Assignable cause See
Special cause
ASTM American Society
for Testing and Materials
Attributes Qualitative data that can be
counted for recording and analysis. Examples include characteristics
such as the presence of a required label and the installation of all
required fasteners. [7]
Audit An onsite
verification activity used to determine the effective implementation of
a supplier's documented quality system. [6]
Audit Systematic, independent and documented
process for obtaining
audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent
to which audit criteria are fulfilled.
[8]
Audit client
Organization or person requesting an audit.
[8]
Audit conclusion Outcome of an
audit provided by the audit team after
consideration of the audit objectives and all
audit findings. [8]
Audit criteria Set
of policies, procedures or
requirements used as a reference (while
conducting an audit). [8]
Auditee Organization
being audited. [8]
Audit evidence
Records, statements of fact or other
information which are relevant to the audit
criteria and verifiable. [8]
Audit findings
Results of the evaluation of the collected
audit evidence against audit criteria.
[8]
Auditor Person with the
competence to conduct an
audit. [8]
Audit program Set of one or more
audits planned for a specific time frame and
directed towards a specific purpose. [8]
Audit team One or more
auditors conducting an audit.
[8]
Availability The ability of an
item to perform its designated function when required for use. [2]
Average or mean The most common
expression of the centering of a
distribution. It is calculated by totaling the observed values and
dividing by the number of observations. [7]
< B >
Benchmark Data The results of an
investigation to determine how competitors and/or best-in-class
companies achieve their level of performance. [1]
Bimodal Distribution A
distribution with two identifiable curves within it, indicating a
mixing of two populations such
as different shifts, machines, workers, etc. [7]
BS British Standard
BSI British Standards Institution
< C >
CAI
Computer aided inspection
Capability The
total range of inherent variation in a stable process. (See
Process Capability)
[6]
Capability Ability of an
organization, system
or process to realize a
product that will fulfill the requirements
for that product. [8]
CASCO ISO Committee on Conformity
Assessments
CC Critical characteristic
CE Mark European Union product safety
certification symbol:
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
CENELEC European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization
Certificate of compliance A document signed by an authorized
party affirming that the supplier of a product or
service has met the requirements of the relevant
specifications, contract,
or regulation. [2]
Certificate of conformance (Certificate of conformity) A
document signed by an authorized party affirming that a product
or service has met the requirements of the relevant
specifications, contract,
or regulation. [2]
Certification The procedure and
action by a duly authorized body of determining,
verifying, and attesting in
writing to the qualifications of personnel,
processes, procedures, or items
in accordance with applicable requirements. [2]
Characteristic Distinguishing feature [8]
CIM Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
Common Cause A source of
variation that is always
present as part of the random variation inherent in the
process itself. Its origin can
usually be traced to an element of the system which only management can
correct. [7]
Competence
Demonstrated ability to apply knowledge skills. [8]
Compliance
An affirmative indication or judgment that the supplier
of a product or service has met the requirements of the relevant
specifications, contract,
or regulation; also the state of meeting the requirements. [2]
Component Any raw
material, substance, piece, part, software, firmware, labeling, or
assembly which is intended to be included as part of the finished,
packaged, and labeled device. [4]
Concession See Waiver
Concession Permission to
use or release a product that does not conform to
specified requirements. [8]
Conformance
An affirmative indication or judgment that a product or service has met
the requirements of the relevant
specifications, contract,
or regulation; also the state of meeting the requirements. [2]
Conformity The fulfilling by an item or
service of specification
requirements. [2]
Conformity
Fulfillment of a requirement. [8]
Continual
improvement Recurring activity to increase the ability to
fulfill requirements. [8]
Control Chart
A graphic representation of a characteristic of a
process, showing plotted values
of some statistic gathered from that characteristic, and one or two
control limits. [7]
Control Limit A line (or lines) on a
control chart used as a
basis for judging the significance of the
variation from subgroup to
subgroup. Variation beyond a control limit is evidence that
special causes are
affecting the process. Control
limits are calculated from process data and are not to be confused with
engineering specifications.
[7]
Control Plans
Written descriptions of the systems for controlling parts and processes.
[6]
Correction
Action to eliminate a detected
nonconformity. [8]
Corrective action Action to eliminate the cause of a
detected nonconformity or other undesirable
situation. [8]
Corrective Action Plan A plan for
correcting a process or part quality issue. [6]
CQA Certified
Quality
Auditor
CQE Certified
Quality Engineer
CQMgr
Certified quality manager
CRE Certified
Reliability Engineer
Customer
Organization or person that receives a product.
[8]
Customer
satisfaction Customer's perception of the degree to which the
customer's requirements have been fulfilled.
[8]
< D >
Defect The non-fulfillment of intended
usage requirements. [5]
Defect Non-fulfillment of
a requirement related to an intended or
specified use. [8]
Dependability The state of being
counted on or trusted. [2]
Dependability
Collective term used to describe the
availability performance and its influencing factors: reliability
performance, maintainability performance and maintenance support
performance. [8]
Design and
development Set of processes that transforms
requirements into specified
characteristics or into the
specification of a
product, process or system.
[8]
Design Failure Mode and Effects
Analysis (DFMEA) An analytical technique used by a design
responsible engineer/team as a means to assure, to the extent possible,
that potential failure modes and, their associated causes/mechanisms
have been considered and addressed. [1]
Design for Manufacturability and Assembly
A simultaneous engineering
process designed to optimize the relationship between design function,
manufacturability, and ease of assembly. [1]
Design input The physical and performance
requirements of a device that are used as a basis for device design. [4]
Design Review
A proactive process to prevent problems and
misunderstandings. [1]
Design Review
A formal, documented,
comprehensive, and systematic examination of a design to evaluate the
design requirements and the
capability of the design to meet these requirements and to identify
problems and propose solutions. [2]
Design review A
documented, comprehensive,
systematic examination of a design to evaluate the adequacy of the
design requirements, to evaluate the
capability of the design to meet
these requirements, and to identify problems. [4]
Design Validation
Testing to ensure that product
conforms to defined user needs and/or requirements. Design
validation follows successful
design verification
and is normally performed on the final product under defined
operating conditions. Multiple validations may be performed if there are
different intended uses. [1]
Design Validation
Establishing by objective
evidence that device specifications conform with user needs and intended
use(s). [4]
Design Verification
Testing to ensure that
all design outputs meet design input requirements. Design verification
may include activities such as:
• Design review
• Performing alternate calculations
• Understanding tests and demonstrations
• Review of design stage
documents before release [1]
Detection or
inspection
A past-oriented strategy that attempts to identify unacceptable output
after it has been produced and separate it from the good output. (See
Prevention and
Nonconforming) [7]
Deviation permit Written authorization, prior to production or
provision of a service, to depart from specified requirements for a
specified quantity or for a specified time. [2]
Deviation permit
Permission to depart from the originally specified
requirements of a product
prior to realization. [8]
DFA
Design for assembly
DFM Design for manufacturing
DFMEA Design Failure Mode and Effects
Analysis
DIN Germany Standards
Institute
Distribution The
population (universe) from
which observations are drawn, categorized into cells, and form
identifiable patterns. It is based on the concept of
variation that states that
anything measured repeatedly will arrive at different results. These
results will fall into statistically predictable patterns. A bell-shaped
curve (normal distribution) is an example of a distribution in which the
greatest number of observations occur in the center with fewer and fewer
observations falling evenly on either side of the
average. [7]
Document
Information and its
supporting medium. [8]
Documentation
Written material defining the process to be followed (e.g. test
procedure, quality manual, operation sheets). [6]
DOE Design of
Experiments
Durability The probability that an item
will continue to function at customer expectation levels, at the useful
life without requiring overhaul or rebuild due to wearout. [1]
< E >
EC European Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EN European Standard
EQS European Committee for
Quality System Assessment
and Certification
Establish Define, document (in writing
or electronically), and implement. [4]
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
< F >
Efficacy (see
effectiveness below)
Efficiency
Relationship between the result achieved and the resources
used. [8]
Effectiveness Extent to which
planned activities are realized and planned results achieved. [8]
FMEA method (FMECA)
Failure Mode and Effect (and Criticality) Analysis, a powerful method of
risk assessment and failure analysis for use in risk management and
product liability control. (see
Risk Analysis article)
Frequency distribution A statistical table that presents a
large volume of data in such a way that the central tendency (average/mean/median)
and distribution are clearly
displayed. [7]
FTA Fault Tree Analysis
Functional Verification Testing to ensure
the part conforms to all customer and supplier engineering performance
and material requirements. [6]
< G >
Generally implied Custom or
common practice for the organization, its
customers and other
interested parties, that the need or expectation under consideration
is implied. [8]
GD&T Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
GMP Good Manufacturing
Practice
GR&R Gage Repeatability and
Reproducibility
Grade An
indicator of category or rank related to features or characteristics
that cover different sets of needs for products or services intended for
the same functional use. [2]
Grade
Category or rank given to different quality
requirements for products,
processes or systems having the same
functional use. [8]
< H >
Hardware Tangible, discrete product with
distinctive form. [3]
Histogram See
Frequency distribution
< I >
Information Meaningful data [8]
Infrastructure (of an
organization)
System of facilities,
equipment and services needed for the operation of an organization. [8]
Inspection
Activities, such as measuring, examining,
testing, gaging one or more
characteristics of a product or service, and comparing these with
specified requirements to determine
conformity. [2]
Inspection Conformity
evaluation by observation and judgement accompanied as appropriate by
measurement, testing or gauging. [8]
IEC International
Electro-technical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Interested party Person or
group having an interest in the performance or success of an
organization. [8]
ISO
International Organization for Standards
ISO 14000
International environmental management system standard administered by
ISO
ISO 9000 International Standard for
Quality Systems (see
ISO 9000 FAQs and
ISO 9000:2000 page)
< J >
JIS Japan Industrial
Standards
JUSE Japanese Union of
Scientists and Engineers
< K >
Kaizen Taken from the Japanese words kai
and zen, where kai means change and zen means good. The
popular meaning is continual improvement of all areas of a company not
just quality. [1]
< L >
LCL Lower control limit
(see Control limit)
Lot or batch One or more
components or finished devices
that consist of a single type, model, class, size, composition, or
software version that are manufactured under essentially the same
conditions and that are intended to have uniform characteristics and
quality within specified limits. [4]
LSL Lower specification
limit (see Specification)
< M >
Maintainability The probability that a
failed system can be made operable in a specified interval or downtime.
[1]
Maintainability Ability of an item under stated conditions of use
to be retained in, or restored to, within a given period of time, a
specified state in which it can perform its required functions when
maintenance is performed under stated conditions and while using
prescribed procedures and resources. [2]
Management Coordinated
activities to direct and control an organization.
[8]
Management system System to
establish policy and objectives and to achieve those objectives. [8]
MBNQA Malcolm Baldrige
National Quality Award (see
MBNQA home page)
Measurement control system
Set of interrelated or interacting elements necessary to
achieve metrological confirmation and continual control of
measurement processes. [8]
Measurement process Set of
operations to determine the value of a quantity. [8]
Measuring equipment
Measuring instrument, software, measurement standard, reference material
or auxiliary apparatus or combination thereof necessary to realize a
measurement process. [8]
Metrological characteristic Distinguishing
feature which can influence the results of measurement. [8]
Metrological confirmation Set of operations
required to ensure that measuring
equipment conforms to the requirements
for its intended use. [8]
Metrological function Function with
organizational responsibility for defining and implementing the
measurement control system.
[8]
MRB Material review
board
MSA Measurement System Analysis
MTBF
Mean time between failures
< N >
NACCB National
Accreditation Council for Certification Bodies (UK)
NDT Nondestructive
testing
NIST National Institute
of Science and Technology
Nonconformance
Product or material which does not conform to the customer requirements
or specifications. [6]
Nonconformities Specific
occurrences of a condition that does not
conform to
specifications or other
inspection standards;
sometimes called discrepancies or
defects [7]
Nonconformity The non-fulfillment of
specified requirements. [5]
Nonconformity A process which does not
conform to a quality system requirement. [6]
Nonconformity
Non-fulfillment of a requirement.
[8]
Normal Distribution See
Distribution
Numerical reliability The probability that an item will perform
a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time.
(See MTBF) [2]
< O >
Objective evidence
Data supporting the existence or verity of something, [8]
Organization Group
of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities,
authorities and relationships. [8]
Organizational structure Arrangement of
responsibilities, authorities and relationships between people. [8]
< P >
Parts Per Million
(PPM) PPM is a way of stating the performance of a process in
terms of actual or projected defective
material. [6]
PFMEA Process Failure Mode and Effects
Analysis
Population The universe of data under
investigation from which a sample
will be taken. [7]
Prevention A future-oriented strategy
that improves quality by
directing analysis and action toward correcting the production
process. Prevention is consistent
with a philosophy of never-ending improvement. [7]
Preventive action
Action to eliminate the cause of a potential
nonconformity or other undesirable
potential situation. [8]
Procedure Specified way to carry out an activity or a
process. [8]
Process The
combination of people, machine and equipment, raw materials, methods,
and environment that produces a given product or service. [7]
Process Set of
interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into
outputs. [8]
Process
Capability The measured, built-in reproducibility (consistency)
of the product turned out by the
process. Such a determination is made using statistical methods, not
wishful thinking. The statistically determined pattern or
distribution can only then
be compared to specification
limits to decide if a process can consistently deliver product within
those parameters. [7]
Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (PFMEA) An analytical
technique used by a manufacturing responsible engineer/team as a means
to assure that, to the extent possible, potential failure modes and
their associated causes/mechanisms have been considered and addressed.
[1]
Process
quality audit An analysis of
elements of a process and
appraisal of completeness, correctness of conditions, and probable
effectiveness. [2]
Process validation Establishing by
objective evidence that a process
consistently produces a result or product meeting its predetermined
specifications. [4]
Product
Result of a process.
(May be services, software, hardware or processed materials, or a
combination thereof.) [8]
Product
liability or Service liability A generic term used to describe
the onus on a producer or others to make restitution for loss related to
personal injury, property damage, or other harm caused by a product or
service. [2]
Product quality audit A quantitative
assessment of
conformance to required
product characteristics. [2]
Project
Unique process, consisting of a set of
coordinated and controlled activities with start and finish dates,
undertaken to achieve an objective conforming to specific
requirements, including the constraints of
time, cost and resources. [8]
< Q >
QFD Quality Function
Deployment (see
QFD FAQ)
QMS
Quality Management
System (see Quality system)
QS-9000 Quality
system requirements for suppliers to Daimler Chrysler, Ford and General
Motors
QSR Quality System
Requirements
Qualification process
Process to demonstrate the ability to fulfill specified
requirements. [8]
Quality The
totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that
bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. [2]
Quality The totality of features and
characteristics that bear on the ability of a device to satisfy
fitness-for-use, including safety and performance. [4]
Quality Degree to which a set of inherent
(existing) characteristics fulfils
requirements. [8]
Quality
assurance All those planned or systematic actions necessary to
provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given
requirements for quality. [2]
Quality
assurance Part of quality
management focused on providing confidence that quality
requirements will be fulfilled. [8]
Quality audit
(also quality assessment, or conformity assessment) A systematic
and independent examination and evaluation to determine whether quality
activities and results comply with planned arrangements and whether
these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to
achieve objectives. (se Quality system
audit) [2]
Quality characteristic
Inherent
characteristic of a
product, process or system
related to a requirement. [8]
Quality
control The operational techniques and the activities used to
fulfill requirements of quality.
[2]
Quality control Part of
quality management focused on
fulfilling quality requirements. [8]
Quality
engineering That branch of engineering which deals with the
principles and practice of product and service
quality assurance and
control. [2]
Quality improvement Part
of quality management focused on
increasing the ability to fulfill quality
requirements. [8]
Quality loop; Quality spiral
Conceptual model of interacting activities that influence the
quality of a product or service
in the various stages ranging from the identification of needs to the
assessment of whether these needs have been satisfied. [2]
Quality management The aspect
of the overall business management function that determines and
implements the quality policy.
[2]
Quality management
Coordinated activities to direct and control an
organization with regard to quality. [8]
Quality management system
Management system to direct
and control an organization with regard to
quality. [8]
Quality manual
Document specifying the
quality management system of an
organization. [8]
Quality measure A quantitative
measure of the features and characteristics of a product or service. [2]
Quality objective Something
sought, or aimed for, related to quality. [8]
Quality Plan
A document setting out the specific quality practices, resources, and
activities relevant to a particular product,
process, service, contract, or
project. [2]
Quality plan
Document specifying which
procedures and associated resources shall be applied by whom and
when to a specific project,
product, process or contract. [8]
Quality plan audit See
Quality system audit
Quality Planning A structured process for
defining the methods (i.e., measurements, tests) that will be used in
the production of a specific product or family of products (i.e., parts,
materials). (See Quality Plan)
[6]
Quality planning Part of
quality management focused on setting
quality objectives and specifying
necessary operational processes and related
resources to fulfill the quality objectives. [8]
Quality
policy The overall intentions and direction of an
organization as regards
quality as formally expressed by
top management. [2]
Quality policy Overall
intentions and direction of an organization
related to quality
as formally expressed by top management.
[8]
Quality surveillance The
continuing monitoring and
verification of the status of procedures, methods, conditions,
products, processes, and
services, and analysis of records in relation to stated references to
ensure that requirements for quality
are being met. [2]
Quality system The organizational
structure, responsibilities, procedures,
processes, and resources for
implementing quality
management. [2]
Quality system audit A
documented activity performed to
verify, by examination and evaluation of objective evidence, that
applicable elements of the
quality system are suitable and have been developed, documented, and
effectively implemented in accordance with specified requirements. [2]
Quality system review A
formal evaluation by management of the status and adequacy of the
quality system in relation
to quality policy and/or
new objectives resulting from changing circumstances. [2]
< R >
RAB Registrar
Accreditation Board (U.S.)
Range A measure of the
variation in a set of data. It is calculated by subtracting the
lowest value in the data set from the highest value in that same set.
[7]
Reaction Plan The action specified by a
Control Plan when
nonconforming product or process instability is identified. [6]
Realization (as used in ISO
9000:2000) The carrying out of an action or
process to completion. [dictionary]
Record
Document stating results
achieved or providing evidence of activities performed. [8]
Registrar A
company that conducts quality system assessments to the Quality System
Requirements. [6]
Regrade
Alteration of the
grade of a nonconforming product
in order to make it conform to requirements
differing from the original ones. [8]
Relative quality Degree of
excellence of a product or service. [2]
Release Permission to
proceed to the next stage of a process. [8]
Reliability
The probability that an item will continue to function at customer
expectation levels at a measurement point, under specified environmental
and duty cycle conditions. [1]
Reliability
The ability of an item to perform a
required function under stated conditions. [2]
Reliability engineering
That engineering function dealing with the principles and practices
related to the design,
specification, assessment, and achievement of product or system
reliability requirements and
involving aspects of prediction, evaluation, production, and
demonstration. [2]
Repair Action taken on
nonconforming product so
that the product will fulfill the intended usage although the product
may not conform to the original requirements. [6]
Repair Action on a nonconforming
product to make it acceptable for the intended
use. [8]
Requirement Need or
expectation that is stated, generally
implied or obligatory. [8]
Review Activity undertaken to determine the
suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of
the subject matter to achieve established objectives. [8]
Rework Action taken on a
nonconforming product so
that it will fulfill the specified requirements before it is released
for distribution. [4]
Rework Action taken on
nonconforming product so
that it will meet the specified requirements. [6]
Rework
Action on a
nonconforming product to make it conform to
the requirements. [8]
Runs The patterns in a
Control Chart within which
a number of points line up on only one side of the central line. [7]
RvC Raad voor de Certificatie (Dutch
Council for Certification)
< S >
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
Sample One or more individual events or
measurements selected from the output of a
process for purposes of
identifying characteristics and performance of the whole. [7]
SCC Standards Council of Canada
Scrap Action on a
nonconforming product to preclude its
originally intended use. [8]
Sigma ()
The Greek letter used to designate the estimated
standard deviation.
[7]
Simulation The practice of mimicking some or all of the behavior
of one system with a different, dissimilar system. [1]
Simultaneous Engineering
A way of simultaneously designing products,
and the processes for manufacturing those products, through the use of
cross-functional teams to assure manufacturability and to reduce cycle
time. [1]
Six Sigma Quality
process, developed at Motorola, focused on reducing defects to a six
sigma level (3.4 defects
per million parts;
0.00034%), for all practical purposes zero defects.
SMWT Self-managed work teams
Software An intellectual creation
consisting of information expressed through supporting medium. [3]
SPC
Statistical
Process Control (see below)
Special Cause A source of
variation that is intermittent,
unpredictable, unstable; sometimes called an assignable cause. [7]
Specification The document that
prescribes the requirements with which the product or service has to
conform. [2]
Specification The engineering requirement for judging
acceptability of a particular characteristic. Chosen with respect to
functional or customer requirements for the product, a specification may
or may not be consistent with the demonstrated capability of the
process (if it is not,
out-of-specification parts are certain to be made). A specification
should never be confused with a
control limit. [7]
Specification
Document stating
requirements [8]
SQC
Statistical
Quality Control (see below)
Stakeholder
An individual or group of individuals
with a common interest in the performance of the supplier organization
and the environment in which it operates. [3]
Standard
Deviation A measure of the
spread of the process output or
the spread of a sampling statistic
from the process (e.g., of subgroup
averages), denoted by the
Greek letter
(sigma) for the estimated standard
deviation. See Sigma [7]
Statistical Control The
condition describing a process
from which all special causes
have been removed, evidenced on a
control chart by the
absence of points beyond the
control limits and by the absence of non-random patterns or trends
within the control limits. [7]
Statistical Process Control
The application of statistical techniques to the control of
processes. (See
SPC tutorial) [2]
Statistical Process Control The use of statistical techniques
such as Control Charts to
analyze a process or its output
to take appropriate actions to achieve and maintain a state of
statistical control and to improve the capability of the process. (See
SPC tutorial) [7]
Statistical Quality Control
The application of statistical techniques to the control of
quality. [2]
Stratification The process of classifying
data into subgroups based on characteristics or categories. [7]
Supplier
Organization or person that
provides a product. [8]
System Set of interrelated or interacting elements. [8]
< T >
Technical expert (in an audit)
Person who provides specific knowledge of or
expertise on the subject to be audited. [8]
Test
Determination of one or more characteristics
according to a procedure. [8]
Testing A
means of determining the
capability of an item to meet specified requirements by subjecting
the item to a set of physical, chemical, environmental, or operating
actions and conditions. [2]
TGA Germany Association
for Accreditation
TL 9000
Quality system
requirements for suppliers to the telecommunications industry
Top management
Person or group of people who directs and controls an
organization at the highest level. [8]
TPM Total productive maintenance
TQM Total
quality management
Traceability The ability to trace the history, application, or
location of an item or activity and like items or activities by means of
recorded identification. [2]
Traceability Ability to
trace the history, application or location of that which is under
consideration. [8]
< U >
UCL Upper control limit
(see Control limit)
USL Upper specification
limit (see Specification)
< V >
Validation
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the
particular requirements for a specific intended use can be consistently
fulfilled. [4]
Validation Confirmation, through the provision
of objective evidence, that the
requirements for a specific intended use or
application have been fulfilled. [8]
Variables Those characteristics
of a part that can be measured. Examples are length in millimeters,
resistance in ohms, closing effort of a door in kilograms, and the
torque of a nut in foot pounds. (See
Attributes) [7]
Variation The inevitable difference
among individual outputs of a process.
The sources of variation can be grouped into two major classes:
Common Causes and
Special Causes. [7]
Verification The act of reviewing,
inspecting,
testing, checking, auditing, or
otherwise establishing and documenting whether items,
processes, services, or documents
conform to
specified requirements. [2]
Verification
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that
specified requirements have been fulfilled. [4]
Verification Confirmation, through the
provision of objective evidence, that
specified requirements have been fulfilled.
[8]
Voice of the Customer
Customer feedback both positive and negative; including likes, dislikes,
problems and suggestions. [1]
Voice of the Process Statistical data that
is feedback to the people in the process to make decisions about the
process stability and/or capability as a tool for continual improvement.
See Statistical
Process Control) [1]
< W >
Waiver Written authorization to
use or release a quantity of material,
components, or stores already
manufactured but not conforming
to the specified requirements.
[2]
Work environment Set of
conditions under which work is performed. [8]
< X >
< Y >
< Z >
Zero Defects The
quality concept of zero tolerance for defects (see
Six Sigma) |
